Obama's Middle East policy speech, May 19, 2011

In Benghazi, we heard the engineer who said, "Our words are free now.

Square by square; town by town; country by country; the people have risen up to demand their basic human rights.

We recognize that Iran has tried to take advantage of the turmoil there, and that the Bahraini government has a legitimate interest in the rule of law.

In Iraq, we see the promise of a multi-ethnic, multi-sectarian democracy.

He was a mass murderer who offered a message of hate – an insistence that Muslims had to take up arms against the West, and that violence against men, women and children was the only path to change.

For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.

In America, think of the defiance of those patriots in Boston who refused to pay taxes to a King, or the dignity of Rosa Parks as she sat courageously in her seat.

Hundreds of protesters took to the streets, then thousands.

Let us remember that the first peaceful protests were in the streets of Tehran, where the government brutalized women and men, and threw innocent people into jail.

After years of war in Iraq, we have removed 100,000 American troops and ended our combat mission there.

Satellite television and the Internet provide a window into the wider world – a world of astonishing progress in places like India, Indonesia and Brazil.

For Palestinians, it has meant suffering the humiliation of occupation, and never living in a nation of their own.

That story of self-determination began six months ago in Tunisia.

Societies held together by fear and repression may offer the illusion of stability for a time, but they are built upon fault lines that will eventually tear asunder.

The full and phased withdrawal of Israeli military forces should be coordinated with the assumption of Palestinian security responsibility in a sovereign, non-militarized state.

Across the region, those rights that we take for granted are being claimed with joy by those who are prying lose the grip of an iron fist.

We will support open access to the Internet, and the right of journalists to be heard – whether it's a big news organization or a blogger.

After local officials refused to hear his complaint, this young man who had never been particularly active in politics went to the headquarters of the provincial government, doused himself in fuel, and lit himself on fire.

In Sanaa, we heard the students who chanted, "The night must come to an end."

That story of self-determination began six months ago in Tunisia.

The fact is, a growing number of Palestinians live west of the Jordan River.

We will help governments meet international obligations, and invest efforts anti-corruption; by working with parliamentarians who are developing reforms, and activists who use technology to hold government accountable.

On December 17, a young vendor named Mohammed Bouazizi was devastated when a police officer confiscated his cart.

And we will work with allies to refocus the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development so that it provides the same support for democratic transitions and economic modernization in the Middle East and North Africa as it has in Europe.

The Syrian government must stop shooting demonstrators and allow peaceful protests; release political prisoners and stop unjust arrests; allow human rights monitors to have access to cities like Dara'a; and start a serious dialogue to advance a democratic transition.

Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.

The most extreme example is Libya, where Moammar Gaddafi launched a war against his people, promising to hunt them down like rats.

And that is true, today, in Bahrain.

Divisions of tribe, ethnicity and religious sect were manipulated as a means of holding on to power, or taking it away from somebody else.

And through the moral force of non-violence, the people of the region have achieved more change in six months than terrorists have accomplished in decades.

Those rights include free speech; the freedom of peaceful assembly; freedom of religion; equality for men and women under the rule of law; and the right to choose your own leaders – whether you live in Baghdad or Damascus; Sanaa or Tehran.

That effort begins in Egypt and Tunisia, where the stakes are high –as Tunisia was at the vanguard of this democratic wave, and Egypt is both a longstanding partner and the Arab World's largest nation.

In Afghanistan, we have broken the Taliban's momentum, and this July we will begin to bring our troops home and continue transition to Afghan lead.

And though these countries may be a great distance from our shores, we know that our own future is bound to this region by the forces of economics and security; history and faith.

For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.

And after years of war against al Qaeda and its affiliates, we have dealt al Qaeda a huge blow by killing its leader – Osama bin Laden.

Moreover, this conflict has come with a larger cost the Middle East, as it impedes partnerships that could bring greater security, prosperity, and empowerment to ordinary people.

For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.

After local officials refused to hear his complaint, this young man who had never been particularly active in politics went to the headquarters of the provincial government, doused himself in fuel, and lit himself on fire.

The Syrian government must stop shooting demonstrators and allow peaceful protests; release political prisoners and stop unjust arrests; allow human rights monitors to have access to cities like Dara'a; and start a serious dialogue to advance a democratic transition.

Those rights include free speech; the freedom of peaceful assembly; freedom of religion; equality for men and women under the rule of law; and the right to choose your own leaders – whether you live in Baghdad or Damascus; Sanaa or Tehran.

For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.

Moreover, failure to speak to the broader aspirations of ordinary people will only feed the suspicion that has festered for years that the United States pursues our own interests at their expense.

For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.

A region undergoing profound change will lead to populism in which millions of people – not just a few leaders – must believe peace is possible.

The greatest untapped resource in the Middle East and North Africa is the talent of its people.

By the time we found bin Laden, al Qaeda's agenda had come to be seen by the vast majority of the region as a dead end, and the people of the Middle East and North Africa had taken their future into their own hands.

In Tahrir Square, we heard Egyptians from all walks of life chant, "Muslims, Christians, we are one."

But the events of the past six months show us that strategies of repression and diversion won't work anymore.

Divisions of tribe, ethnicity and religious sect were manipulated as a means of holding on to power, or taking it away from somebody else.

My answer to them is I shall not hate…Let us hope," he said, "for tomorrow" That is the choice that must be made – not simply in this conflict, but across the entire region – a choice between hate and hope; between the shackles of the past, and the promise of the future.

On December 17, a young vendor named Mohammed Bouazizi was devastated when a police officer confiscated his cart.

Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.

Moreover, failure to speak to the broader aspirations of ordinary people will only feed the suspicion that has festered for years that the United States pursues our own interests at their expense.

We must also build on our efforts to broaden our engagement beyond elites, so that we reach the people who will shape the future – particularly young people.

That's why, two years ago in Cairo, I began to broaden our engagement based upon mutual interests and mutual respect.

That is true in Yemen, where President Saleh needs to follow through on his commitment to transfer power.

That energy now needs to be channeled, in country after country, so that economic growth can solidify the accomplishments of the street.

Not every country will follow our particular form of representative democracy, and there will be times when our short term interests do not align perfectly with our long term vision of the region.

The West was blamed as the source of all ills, a half century after the end of colonialism.

Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.

In fact, real reform will not come at the ballot box alone.

And for this season of change to succeed, Coptic Christians must have the right to worship freely in Cairo, just as Shia must never have their mosques destroyed in Bahrain.

Otherwise, President Assad and his regime will continue to be challenged from within and isolated abroad Thus far, Syria has followed its Iranian ally, seeking assistance from Tehran in the tactics of suppression.

The most extreme example is Libya, where Moammar Gaddafi launched a war against his people, promising to hunt them down like rats.

In too many countries, a citizen like that young vendor had nowhere to turn – no honest judiciary to hear his case; no independent media to give him voice; no credible political party to represent his views; no free and fair election where he could choose his leader.

For the American people, the scenes of upheaval in the region may be unsettling, but the forces driving it are not unfamiliar.

The goal must be a model in which protectionism gives way to openness; the reigns of commerce pass from the few to the many, and the economy generates jobs for the young.

America's support for democracy will therefore be based on ensuring financial stability; promoting reform; and integrating competitive markets with each other and the global economy – starting with Tunisia and Egypt.

Those rights include free speech; the freedom of peaceful assembly; freedom of religion; equality for men and women under the rule of law; and the right to choose your own leaders – whether you live in Baghdad or Damascus; Sanaa or Tehran.

The status quo is not sustainable.

We still hear the chants echo from the rooftops of Tehran.

We believe that no one benefits from a nuclear arms race in the region, or al Qaeda's brutal attacks.

So we will work with the EU to facilitate more trade within the region, build on existing agreements to promote integration with U.S. and European markets, and open the door for those countries who adopt high standards of reform and trade liberalization to construct a regional trade arrangement.

Both nations can set a strong example through free and fair elections; a vibrant civil society; accountable and effective democratic institutions; and responsible regional leadership.

History shows that countries are more prosperous and peaceful when women are empowered.

In particular, the recent announcement of an agreement between Fatah and Hamas raises profound and legitimate questions for Israel – how can one negotiate with a party that has shown itself unwilling to recognize your right to exist.

Most recently, the Syrian regime has chosen the path of murder and the mass arrests of its citizens.

Palestinian leaders will not achieve peace or prosperity if Hamas insists on a path of terror and rejection.

He rejected democracy and individual rights for Muslims in favor of violent extremism; his agenda focused on what he could destroy – not what he could build.

In Sanaa, we heard the students who chanted, "The night must come to an end."

As I said when the United States joined an international coalition to intervene, we cannot prevent every injustice perpetrated by a regime against its people, and we have learned from our experience in Iraq just how costly and difficult it is to impose regime change by force – no matter how well-intended it may be.

Across the region, those rights that we take for granted are being claimed with joy by those who are prying lose the grip of an iron fist.

Prosperity also requires tearing down walls that stand in the way of progress – the corruption of elites who steal from their people; the red tape that stops an idea from becoming a business; the patronage that distributes wealth based on tribe or sect.

First, we have asked the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to present a plan at next week's G-8 summit for what needs to be done to stabilize and modernize the economies of Tunisia and Egypt.

So while the core issues of the conflict must be negotiated, the basis of those negotiations is clear: a viable Palestine, and a secure Israel.

As I said when the United States joined an international coalition to intervene, we cannot prevent every injustice perpetrated by a regime against its people, and we have learned from our experience in Iraq just how costly and difficult it is to impose regime change by force – no matter how well-intended it may be.

He rejected democracy and individual rights for Muslims in favor of violent extremism; his agenda focused on what he could destroy – not what he could build.

But even before his death, al Qaeda was losing its struggle for relevance, as the overwhelming majority of people saw that the slaughter of innocents did not answer their cries for a better life.

Prosperity also requires tearing down walls that stand in the way of progress – the corruption of elites who steal from their people; the red tape that stops an idea from becoming a business; the patronage that distributes wealth based on tribe or sect.

On December 17, a young vendor named Mohammed Bouazizi was devastated when a police officer confiscated his cart.

Provisions must also be robust enough to prevent a resurgence of terrorism; to stop the infiltration of weapons; and to provide effective border security.

We see that spirit in the Israeli father whose son was killed by Hamas, who helped start an organization that brought together Israelis and Palestinians who had lost loved ones.

Provisions must also be robust enough to prevent a resurgence of terrorism; to stop the infiltration of weapons; and to provide effective border security.

And for this season of change to succeed, Coptic Christians must have the right to worship freely in Cairo, just as Shia must never have their mosques destroyed in Bahrain.

Together, we must help them recover from the disruption of their democratic upheaval, and support the governments that will be elected later this year.

And after years of war against al Qaeda and its affiliates, we have dealt al Qaeda a huge blow by killing its leader – Osama bin Laden.

We will continue to make good on the commitments that I made in Cairo – to build networks of entrepreneurs, and expand exchanges in education; to foster cooperation in science and technology, and combat disease.

In Cairo, we heard the voice of the young mother who said, "It's like I can finally breathe fresh air for the first time."

Already, we have done much to shift our foreign policy following a decade defined by two costly conflicts.

Indeed, one of the broader lessons to be drawn from this period is that sectarian divides need not lead to conflict.

Our opposition to Iran's intolerance – as well as its illicit nuclear program, and its sponsorship of terror – is well known.

Already, we have done much to shift our foreign policy following a decade defined by two costly conflicts.

Those rights include free speech; the freedom of peaceful assembly; freedom of religion; equality for men and women under the rule of law; and the right to choose your own leaders – whether you live in Baghdad or Damascus; Sanaa or Tehran.

And finally, we support political and economic reform in the Middle East and North Africa that can meet the legitimate aspirations of ordinary people throughout the region.

As we did in the Gulf War, we will not tolerate aggression across borders, and we will keep our commitments to friends and partners.

As we did in the Gulf War, we will not tolerate aggression across borders, and we will keep our commitments to friends and partners.

And we will work with allies to refocus the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development so that it provides the same support for democratic transitions and economic modernization in the Middle East and North Africa as it has in Europe.

Antagonism toward Israel became the only acceptable outlet for political expression.

Let me conclude by talking about another cornerstone of our approach to the region, and that relates to the pursuit of peace.

And in the face of batons and sometimes bullets, they refused to go home – day after day, week after week, until a dictator of more than two decades finally left power.

The world looks at a conflict that has grinded on for decades, and sees a stalemate.

Israel as a Jewish state and the homeland for the Jewish people, and the state of Palestine as the homeland for the Palestinian people; each state enjoying self-determination, mutual recognition, and peace.

America's support for democracy will therefore be based on ensuring financial stability; promoting reform; and integrating competitive markets with each other and the global economy – starting with Tunisia and Egypt.

That effort begins in Egypt and Tunisia, where the stakes are high –as Tunisia was at the vanguard of this democratic wave, and Egypt is both a longstanding partner and the Arab World's largest nation.

Cell phones and social networks allow young people to connect and organize like never before.

Our people fought a painful civil war that extended freedom and dignity to those who were enslaved.

He was a mass murderer who offered a message of hate – an insistence that Muslims had to take up arms against the West, and that violence against men, women and children was the only path to change.

Meanwhile, the United States, our Quartet partners, and the Arab states will need to continue every effort to get beyond the current impasse.

He was a mass murderer who offered a message of hate – an insistence that Muslims had to take up arms against the West, and that violence against men, women and children was the only path to change.

And after years of war against al Qaeda and its affiliates, we have dealt al Qaeda a huge blow by killing its leader – Osama bin Laden.

Cell phones and social networks allow young people to connect and organize like never before.

Israel as a Jewish state and the homeland for the Jewish people, and the state of Palestine as the homeland for the Palestinian people; each state enjoying self-determination, mutual recognition, and peace.

America respects the right of all peaceful and law-abiding voices to be heard, even if we disagree with them.

That effort begins in Egypt and Tunisia, where the stakes are high –as Tunisia was at the vanguard of this democratic wave, and Egypt is both a longstanding partner and the Arab World's largest nation.

And though these countries may be a great distance from our shores, we know that our own future is bound to this region by the forces of economics and security; history and faith.

Two wrenching and emotional issues remain: the future of Jerusalem, and the fate of Palestinian refugees.

Divisions of tribe, ethnicity and religious sect were manipulated as a means of holding on to power, or taking it away from somebody else.

Otherwise, President Assad and his regime will continue to be challenged from within and isolated abroad Thus far, Syria has followed its Iranian ally, seeking assistance from Tehran in the tactics of suppression.

First, we have asked the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to present a plan at next week's G-8 summit for what needs to be done to stabilize and modernize the economies of Tunisia and Egypt.

We will support open access to the Internet, and the right of journalists to be heard – whether it's a big news organization or a blogger.

The full and phased withdrawal of Israeli military forces should be coordinated with the assumption of Palestinian security responsibility in a sovereign, non-militarized state.

And finally, we support political and economic reform in the Middle East and North Africa that can meet the legitimate aspirations of ordinary people throughout the region.

America respects the right of all peaceful and law-abiding voices to be heard, even if we disagree with them.

Prosperity also requires tearing down walls that stand in the way of progress – the corruption of elites who steal from their people; the red tape that stops an idea from becoming a business; the patronage that distributes wealth based on tribe or sect.

We will continue to make good on the commitments that I made in Cairo – to build networks of entrepreneurs, and expand exchanges in education; to foster cooperation in science and technology, and combat disease.

The full and phased withdrawal of Israeli military forces should be coordinated with the assumption of Palestinian security responsibility in a sovereign, non-militarized state.

Bin Laden and his murderous vision won some adherents.

For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.

Our opposition to Iran's intolerance – as well as its illicit nuclear program, and its sponsorship of terror – is well known.

I want to thank Hillary Clinton, who has traveled so much these last six months that she is approaching a new landmark – one million frequent flyer miles.

America respects the right of all peaceful and law-abiding voices to be heard, even if we disagree with them.

In America, think of the defiance of those patriots in Boston who refused to pay taxes to a King, or the dignity of Rosa Parks as she sat courageously in her seat.

As we did in the Gulf War, we will not tolerate aggression across borders, and we will keep our commitments to friends and partners.

It is the same kind of humiliation that takes place every day in many parts of the world – the relentless tyranny of governments that deny their citizens dignity.

The Syrian government must stop shooting demonstrators and allow peaceful protests; release political prisoners and stop unjust arrests; allow human rights monitors to have access to cities like Dara'a; and start a serious dialogue to advance a democratic transition.

And as we have seen, calls for change may give way to fierce contests for power.

It's a choice that must be made by leaders and by people, and it's a choice that will define the future of a region that served as the cradle of civilization and a crucible of strife.

So we will relieve a democratic Egypt of up to $1 billion in debt, and work with our Egyptian partners to invest these resources to foster growth and entrepreneurship.

Nevertheless, we have insisted publically and privately that mass arrests and brute force are at odds with the universal rights of Bahrain's citizens, and will not make legitimate calls for reform go away.

So while the core issues of the conflict must be negotiated, the basis of those negotiations is clear: a viable Palestine, and a secure Israel.

We see that spirit in the Israeli father whose son was killed by Hamas, who helped start an organization that brought together Israelis and Palestinians who had lost loved ones.

I count on Hillary every day, and I believe that she will go down as of the finest Secretaries of State in our nation's history.

In the 21st century, information is power; the truth cannot be hidden; and the legitimacy of governments will ultimately depend on active and informed citizens.

In a region that was the birthplace of three world religions, intolerance can lead only to suffering and stagnation.

As for security, every state has the right to self-defense, and Israel must be able to defend itself – by itself – against any threat.

First, we have asked the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to present a plan at next week's G-8 summit for what needs to be done to stabilize and modernize the economies of Tunisia and Egypt.

For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.

The United States has condemned these actions, and working with the international community we have stepped up our sanctions on the Syrian regime – including sanctions announced yesterday on President Assad and those around him.

These will be modeled on funds that supported the transitions in Eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall.

But in a global economy based on knowledge and innovation, no development strategy can be based solely upon what comes out of the ground.

Palestinians have walked away from talks.

I count on Hillary every day, and I believe that she will go down as of the finest Secretaries of State in our nation's history.

First, it will be the policy of the United States to promote reform across the region, and to support transitions to democracy.

In Damascus, we heard the young man who said, "After the first yelling, the first shout, you feel dignity."

First, we have asked the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to present a plan at next week's G-8 summit for what needs to be done to stabilize and modernize the economies of Tunisia and Egypt.

First, we have asked the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to present a plan at next week's G-8 summit for what needs to be done to stabilize and modernize the economies of Tunisia and Egypt.

Otherwise, President Assad and his regime will continue to be challenged from within and isolated abroad Thus far, Syria has followed its Iranian ally, seeking assistance from Tehran in the tactics of suppression.

We must also build on our efforts to broaden our engagement beyond elites, so that we reach the people who will shape the future – particularly young people.

We recognize that Iran has tried to take advantage of the turmoil there, and that the Bahraini government has a legitimate interest in the rule of law.

I believed then – and I believe now – that we have a stake not just in the stability of nations, but in the self determination of individuals.

Like all new democracies, they will face setbacks.

But in Libya, we saw the prospect of imminent massacre, had a mandate for action, and heard the Libyan people's call for help.

It is not America that put people into the streets of Tunis and Cairo – it was the people themselves who launched these movements, and must determine their outcome.

We support a set of universal rights.

Moreover, this conflict has come with a larger cost the Middle East, as it impedes partnerships that could bring greater security, prosperity, and empowerment to ordinary people.

In our day and age – a time of 24 hour news cycles, and constant communication – people expect the transformation of the region to be resolved in a matter of weeks.

He rejected democracy and individual rights for Muslims in favor of violent extremism; his agenda focused on what he could destroy – not what he could build.

In too many countries, a citizen like that young vendor had nowhere to turn – no honest judiciary to hear his case; no independent media to give him voice; no credible political party to represent his views; no free and fair election where he could choose his leader.

The goal must be a model in which protectionism gives way to openness; the reigns of commerce pass from the few to the many, and the economy generates jobs for the young.

The full and phased withdrawal of Israeli military forces should be coordinated with the assumption of Palestinian security responsibility in a sovereign, non-militarized state.

Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.

Two leaders have stepped aside.

Our message is simple: if you take the risks that reform entails, you will have the full support of the United States.

Both nations can set a strong example through free and fair elections; a vibrant civil society; accountable and effective democratic institutions; and responsible regional leadership.

So while the core issues of the conflict must be negotiated, the basis of those negotiations is clear: a viable Palestine, and a secure Israel.

And we will continue to insist that the Iranian people deserve their universal rights, and a government that does not smother their aspirations.

For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.

In Benghazi, a city threatened with destruction, we see it in the courthouse square where people gather to celebrate the freedoms that they had never known.

On December 17, a young vendor named Mohammed Bouazizi was devastated when a police officer confiscated his cart.

Satellite television and the Internet provide a window into the wider world – a world of astonishing progress in places like India, Indonesia and Brazil.

Across the region, those rights that we take for granted are being claimed with joy by those who are prying lose the grip of an iron fist.

And through the moral force of non-violence, the people of the region have achieved more change in six months than terrorists have accomplished in decades.

We look forward to working with all who embrace genuine and inclusive democracy.

And we will continue to insist that the Iranian people deserve their universal rights, and a government that does not smother their aspirations.

For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.

The status quo is not sustainable.

As I said when the United States joined an international coalition to intervene, we cannot prevent every injustice perpetrated by a regime against its people, and we have learned from our experience in Iraq just how costly and difficult it is to impose regime change by force – no matter how well-intended it may be.

Entrepreneurs are brimming with ideas, but corruption leaves them unable to profit from them.

Yes, some nations are blessed with wealth in oil and gas, and that has led to pockets of prosperity.

Had we not acted along with our NATO allies and regional coalition partners, thousands would have been killed.

For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.

Two leaders have stepped aside.

Both nations can set a strong example through free and fair elections; a vibrant civil society; accountable and effective democratic institutions; and responsible regional leadership.

As we did in the Gulf War, we will not tolerate aggression across borders, and we will keep our commitments to friends and partners.

At a time when the people of the Middle East and North Africa are casting off the burdens of the past, the drive for a lasting peace that ends the conflict and resolves all claims is more urgent than ever.

The State Department is a fitting venue to mark a new chapter in American diplomacy.

The United States has condemned these actions, and working with the international community we have stepped up our sanctions on the Syrian regime – including sanctions announced yesterday on President Assad and those around him.

And in the face of batons and sometimes bullets, they refused to go home – day after day, week after week, until a dictator of more than two decades finally left power.

But in a global economy based on knowledge and innovation, no development strategy can be based solely upon what comes out of the ground.

That story of self-determination began six months ago in Tunisia.

What we will oppose is an attempt by any group to restrict the rights of others, and to hold power through coercion – not consent.

And through the moral force of non-violence, the people of the region have achieved more change in six months than terrorists have accomplished in decades.

Across the region, those rights that we take for granted are being claimed with joy by those who are prying lose the grip of an iron fist.

And in the face of batons and sometimes bullets, they refused to go home – day after day, week after week, until a dictator of more than two decades finally left power.

He rejected democracy and individual rights for Muslims in favor of violent extremism; his agenda focused on what he could destroy – not what he could build.

Together, we must help them recover from the disruption of their democratic upheaval, and support the governments that will be elected later this year.

It is not America that put people into the streets of Tunis and Cairo – it was the people themselves who launched these movements, and must determine their outcome.

For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.

He was a mass murderer who offered a message of hate – an insistence that Muslims had to take up arms against the West, and that violence against men, women and children was the only path to change.

The Syrian government must stop shooting demonstrators and allow peaceful protests; release political prisoners and stop unjust arrests; allow human rights monitors to have access to cities like Dara'a; and start a serious dialogue to advance a democratic transition.

Satellite television and the Internet provide a window into the wider world – a world of astonishing progress in places like India, Indonesia and Brazil.

That effort begins in Egypt and Tunisia, where the stakes are high –as Tunisia was at the vanguard of this democratic wave, and Egypt is both a longstanding partner and the Arab World's largest nation.

History shows that countries are more prosperous and peaceful when women are empowered.

The borders of Israel and Palestine should be based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps, so that secure and recognized borders are established for both states.

In Afghanistan, we have broken the Taliban's momentum, and this July we will begin to bring our troops home and continue transition to Afghan lead.

Square by square; town by town; country by country; the people have risen up to demand their basic human rights.

After years of war in Iraq, we have removed 100,000 American troops and ended our combat mission there.

But even before his death, al Qaeda was losing its struggle for relevance, as the overwhelming majority of people saw that the slaughter of innocents did not answer their cries for a better life.

But our support must also extend to nations where transitions have yet to take place.

What we will oppose is an attempt by any group to restrict the rights of others, and to hold power through coercion – not consent.

Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.

Already, we have done much to shift our foreign policy following a decade defined by two costly conflicts.

But even before his death, al Qaeda was losing its struggle for relevance, as the overwhelming majority of people saw that the slaughter of innocents did not answer their cries for a better life.

Two wrenching and emotional issues remain: the future of Jerusalem, and the fate of Palestinian refugees.

And as we have seen, calls for change may give way to fierce contests for power.

Square by square; town by town; country by country; the people have risen up to demand their basic human rights.

We will help governments meet international obligations, and invest efforts anti-corruption; by working with parliamentarians who are developing reforms, and activists who use technology to hold government accountable.

For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.

The greatest untapped resource in the Middle East and North Africa is the talent of its people.

The Palestinian people must have the right to govern themselves, and reach their potential, in a sovereign and contiguous state.

For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.

Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.

This lack of self determination – the chance to make of your life what you will – has applied to the region's economy as well.

Cell phones and social networks allow young people to connect and organize like never before.

That is why we will continue to insist that universal rights apply to women as well as men – by focusing assistance on child and maternal health; by helping women to teach, or start a business; by standing up for the right of women to have their voices heard, and to run for office.

For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.

We will continue to make good on the commitments that I made in Cairo – to build networks of entrepreneurs, and expand exchanges in education; to foster cooperation in science and technology, and combat disease.

Meanwhile, the United States, our Quartet partners, and the Arab states will need to continue every effort to get beyond the current impasse.

Today, I would like to talk about this change – the forces that are driving it, and how we can respond in a way that advances our values and strengthens our security.

Fourth, the United States will launch a comprehensive Trade and Investment Partnership Initiative in the Middle East and North Africa.

For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.

Nor can people reach their potential when you cannot start a business without paying a bribe.

It is the same kind of humiliation that takes place every day in many parts of the world – the relentless tyranny of governments that deny their citizens dignity.

Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.

But if America is to be credible, we must acknowledge that our friends in the region have not all reacted to the demands for change consistent with the principles that I have outlined today.

It is the same kind of humiliation that takes place every day in many parts of the world – the relentless tyranny of governments that deny their citizens dignity.

Along the way, there will be good days, and bad days.

The government must create the conditions for dialogue, and the opposition must participate to forge a just future for all Bahrainis.

If you take out oil exports, this region of over 400 million people exports roughly the same amount as Switzerland.

As I said when the United States joined an international coalition to intervene, we cannot prevent every injustice perpetrated by a regime against its people, and we have learned from our experience in Iraq just how costly and difficult it is to impose regime change by force – no matter how well-intended it may be.

There must be no doubt that the United States of America welcomes change that advances self-determination and opportunity.

He rejected democracy and individual rights for Muslims in favor of violent extremism; his agenda focused on what he could destroy – not what he could build.

Two wrenching and emotional issues remain: the future of Jerusalem, and the fate of Palestinian refugees.

The duration of this transition period must be agreed, and the effectiveness of security arrangements must be demonstrated.

Suspicion and hostility has been passed on for generations, and at times it has hardened.

The opposition has organized a legitimate and credible Interim Council.

For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.

In America, think of the defiance of those patriots in Boston who refused to pay taxes to a King, or the dignity of Rosa Parks as she sat courageously in her seat.

But Iraq is poised to play a key role in the region if it continues its peaceful progress.

As I said when the United States joined an international coalition to intervene, we cannot prevent every injustice perpetrated by a regime against its people, and we have learned from our experience in Iraq just how costly and difficult it is to impose regime change by force – no matter how well-intended it may be.

In Sanaa, we heard the students who chanted, "The night must come to an end."

Divisions of tribe, ethnicity and religious sect were manipulated as a means of holding on to power, or taking it away from somebody else.

The Syrian government must stop shooting demonstrators and allow peaceful protests; release political prisoners and stop unjust arrests; allow human rights monitors to have access to cities like Dara'a; and start a serious dialogue to advance a democratic transition.

But we can – and will – speak out for a set of core principles – principles that have guided our response to the events over the past six months: The United States opposes the use of violence and repression against the people of the region.

That effort begins in Egypt and Tunisia, where the stakes are high –as Tunisia was at the vanguard of this democratic wave, and Egypt is both a longstanding partner and the Arab World's largest nation.

In a region that was the birthplace of three world religions, intolerance can lead only to suffering and stagnation.

The Syrian government must stop shooting demonstrators and allow peaceful protests; release political prisoners and stop unjust arrests; allow human rights monitors to have access to cities like Dara'a; and start a serious dialogue to advance a democratic transition.

But in a global economy based on knowledge and innovation, no development strategy can be based solely upon what comes out of the ground.

Entrepreneurs are brimming with ideas, but corruption leaves them unable to profit from them.

I want to thank Hillary Clinton, who has traveled so much these last six months that she is approaching a new landmark – one million frequent flyer miles.

So we will work with the EU to facilitate more trade within the region, build on existing agreements to promote integration with U.S. and European markets, and open the door for those countries who adopt high standards of reform and trade liberalization to construct a regional trade arrangement.

But the events of the past six months show us that strategies of repression and diversion won't work anymore.

At a time when the people of the Middle East and North Africa are casting off the burdens of the past, the drive for a lasting peace that ends the conflict and resolves all claims is more urgent than ever.

The dream of a Jewish and democratic state cannot be fulfilled with permanent occupation.

The question before us is what role America will play as this story unfolds.

Yet we must acknowledge that a strategy based solely upon the narrow pursuit of these interests will not fill an empty stomach or allow someone to speak their mind.

He rejected democracy and individual rights for Muslims in favor of violent extremism; his agenda focused on what he could destroy – not what he could build.

Had we not acted along with our NATO allies and regional coalition partners, thousands would have been killed.

Across the region, we intend to provide assistance to civil society, including those that may not be officially sanctioned, and who speak uncomfortable truths.

In Syria, we see it in the courage of those who brave bullets while chanting, 'peaceful,' 'peaceful.'

So we will work with the EU to facilitate more trade within the region, build on existing agreements to promote integration with U.S. and European markets, and open the door for those countries who adopt high standards of reform and trade liberalization to construct a regional trade arrangement.

Second, we do not want a democratic Egypt to be saddled by the debts of its past.

So it was in Tunisia, as that vendor's act of desperation tapped into the frustration felt throughout the country.

Symbolic actions to isolate Israel at the United Nations in September won't create an independent state.

Square by square; town by town; country by country; the people have risen up to demand their basic human rights.

Our opposition to Iran's intolerance – as well as its illicit nuclear program, and its sponsorship of terror – is well known.

I count on Hillary every day, and I believe that she will go down as of the finest Secretaries of State in our nation's history.

Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.

In too many countries, a citizen like that young vendor had nowhere to turn – no honest judiciary to hear his case; no independent media to give him voice; no credible political party to represent his views; no free and fair election where he could choose his leader.

People everywhere would see their economies crippled by a cut off in energy supplies.

That energy now needs to be channeled, in country after country, so that economic growth can solidify the accomplishments of the street.

Antagonism toward Israel became the only acceptable outlet for political expression.

It is not America that put people into the streets of Tunis and Cairo – it was the people themselves who launched these movements, and must determine their outcome.

America respects the right of all peaceful and law-abiding voices to be heard, even if we disagree with them.

He was a mass murderer who offered a message of hate – an insistence that Muslims had to take up arms against the West, and that violence against men, women and children was the only path to change.

And when Gaddafi inevitably leaves or is forced from power, decades of provocation will come to an end, and the transition to a democratic Libya can proceed.

He was a mass murderer who offered a message of hate – an insistence that Muslims had to take up arms against the West, and that violence against men, women and children was the only path to change.

Such tolerance is particularly important when it comes to religion.

In the face of these challenges, too many leaders in the region tried to direct their people's grievances elsewhere.

Otherwise, President Assad and his regime will continue to be challenged from within and isolated abroad Thus far, Syria has followed its Iranian ally, seeking assistance from Tehran in the tactics of suppression.

But we can – and will – speak out for a set of core principles – principles that have guided our response to the events over the past six months: The United States opposes the use of violence and repression against the people of the region.

Entrepreneurs are brimming with ideas, but corruption leaves them unable to profit from them.

For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.

I count on Hillary every day, and I believe that she will go down as of the finest Secretaries of State in our nation's history.

Nor can people reach their potential when you cannot start a business without paying a bribe.

Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.

The goal must be a model in which protectionism gives way to openness; the reigns of commerce pass from the few to the many, and the economy generates jobs for the young.

Symbolic actions to isolate Israel at the United Nations in September won't create an independent state.

The borders of Israel and Palestine should be based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps, so that secure and recognized borders are established for both states.

As we did in the Gulf War, we will not tolerate aggression across borders, and we will keep our commitments to friends and partners.

If you take out oil exports, this region of over 400 million people exports roughly the same amount as Switzerland.

Just as EU membership served as an incentive for reform in Europe, so should the vision of a modern and prosperous economy create a powerful force for reform in the Middle East and North Africa.

Square by square; town by town; country by country; the people have risen up to demand their basic human rights.

The dream of a Jewish and democratic state cannot be fulfilled with permanent occupation.

Suspicion and hostility has been passed on for generations, and at times it has hardened.

History shows that countries are more prosperous and peaceful when women are empowered.

After years of war in Iraq, we have removed 100,000 American troops and ended our combat mission there.

As we did in the Gulf War, we will not tolerate aggression across borders, and we will keep our commitments to friends and partners.

But in Libya, we saw the prospect of imminent massacre, had a mandate for action, and heard the Libyan people's call for help.

But in a global economy based on knowledge and innovation, no development strategy can be based solely upon what comes out of the ground.

For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.

The opposition has organized a legitimate and credible Interim Council.

Because democracy depends not only on elections, but also strong and accountable institutions, and respect for the rights of minorities.

Symbolic actions to isolate Israel at the United Nations in September won't create an independent state.

That is true in Yemen, where President Saleh needs to follow through on his commitment to transfer power.

Most recently, the Syrian regime has chosen the path of murder and the mass arrests of its citizens.

That's why, two years ago in Cairo, I began to broaden our engagement based upon mutual interests and mutual respect.

In Damascus, we heard the young man who said, "After the first yelling, the first shout, you feel dignity."

The world looks at a conflict that has grinded on for decades, and sees a stalemate.

Otherwise, President Assad and his regime will continue to be challenged from within and isolated abroad Thus far, Syria has followed its Iranian ally, seeking assistance from Tehran in the tactics of suppression.

Already, we have done much to shift our foreign policy following a decade defined by two costly conflicts.

So we will work with the EU to facilitate more trade within the region, build on existing agreements to promote integration with U.S. and European markets, and open the door for those countries who adopt high standards of reform and trade liberalization to construct a regional trade arrangement.

But we can – and will – speak out for a set of core principles – principles that have guided our response to the events over the past six months: The United States opposes the use of violence and repression against the people of the region.

Palestinian leaders will not achieve peace or prosperity if Hamas insists on a path of terror and rejection.

Square by square; town by town; country by country; the people have risen up to demand their basic human rights.

It is the same kind of humiliation that takes place every day in many parts of the world – the relentless tyranny of governments that deny their citizens dignity.

We will help Egypt regain access to markets by guaranteeing $1 billion in borrowing that is needed to finance infrastructure and job creation.

For the American people, the scenes of upheaval in the region may be unsettling, but the forces driving it are not unfamiliar.

As I said when the United States joined an international coalition to intervene, we cannot prevent every injustice perpetrated by a regime against its people, and we have learned from our experience in Iraq just how costly and difficult it is to impose regime change by force – no matter how well-intended it may be.

In the 21st century, information is power; the truth cannot be hidden; and the legitimacy of governments will ultimately depend on active and informed citizens.

And I would not be standing here today unless past generations turned to the moral force of non-violence as a way to perfect our union – organizing, marching, and protesting peacefully together to make real those words that declared our nation: "We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal."

As they do, we will be proud to stand with them as a steadfast partner.

The government must create the conditions for dialogue, and the opposition must participate to forge a just future for all Bahrainis.

President Assad now has a choice: he can lead that transition, or get out of the way.

There, the Iraqi people have rejected the perils of political violence for a democratic process, even as they have taken full responsibility for their own security.

After local officials refused to hear his complaint, this young man who had never been particularly active in politics went to the headquarters of the provincial government, doused himself in fuel, and lit himself on fire.

For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.

Satellite television and the Internet provide a window into the wider world – a world of astonishing progress in places like India, Indonesia and Brazil.

The fact is, a growing number of Palestinians live west of the Jordan River.

We look forward to working with all who embrace genuine and inclusive democracy.

In the face of these challenges, too many leaders in the region tried to direct their people's grievances elsewhere.

Our support for these principles is not a secondary interest– today I am making it clear that it is a top priority that must be translated into concrete actions, and supported by all of the diplomatic, economic and strategic tools at our disposal.

Our support for these principles is not a secondary interest– today I am making it clear that it is a top priority that must be translated into concrete actions, and supported by all of the diplomatic, economic and strategic tools at our disposal.

But if America is to be credible, we must acknowledge that our friends in the region have not all reacted to the demands for change consistent with the principles that I have outlined today.

But I'm convinced that the majority of Israelis and Palestinians would rather look to the future than be trapped in the past.

Societies held together by fear and repression may offer the illusion of stability for a time, but they are built upon fault lines that will eventually tear asunder.